Scott B Going

PMID: 16536182;Abstract:

Energy underreporting occurs in 2% to 85% and overreporting in 1% to 39% of various populations. Efforts are needed to understand the psychosocial and behavioral characteristics associated with misreporting to help improve the accuracy of dietary selfreporting. Past research suggests that higher social desirability and greater eating restraint are key factors influencing misreporting, while a history of dieting and being overweight are more moderately associated. Eating disinhibition, body image, depression, anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation may be related to energy misreporting, but evidence is insufficient. This review will provide a detailed discussion of the published associations among psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and energy misreporting. © 2006 International Life Sciences Institute.

Abstract:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: From this article, the reader will understand the following concepts:• Overweight and obese children are at increased risk for health problems.• There has been an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the United States.• Improving nutrition and physical activity practices can help combat the rising prevalence of childhood obesity, especially in high-risk populations.• A process for developing strategies for how to incorporate sustainable, integrated nutrition and physical activity education into schools and after-school sites that serve elementary-age children from low-income families. Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

PMID: 10951536;Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: Obesity, as measured by body mass index, is highly prevalent in Native American children, yet there are no valid equations to estimate total body fatness for this population. This study was designed to develop equations to estimate percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance as a critical part of Pathways, a multisite study of primary prevention of obesity in Native American children. DESIGN: Percentage fat was estimated from deuterium oxide dilution in 98 Native American children (Pima/Maricopa. Tohono O'odham and White Mountain Apache tribes) between 8 and 11 y of age. The mean fat content (38.4% ± 8.1%) was calculated assuming the water content of the fat-free body was 76%. Initial independent variables were height, weight, waist circumference, six skinfolds and whole-body resistance and reactance from bioelectrical impedance (BIA). RESULTS: Using all-possible-subsets regressions with the Mallows C (p) criterion, and with age and sex included in each regression model, waist circumference, calf and biceps skinfolds contributed least to the multiple regression analysis. The combination of weight, two skinfolds (any two out of the four best: triceps, suprailiac, subscapular and abdomen) and bioelectrical impedance variables provided excellent predictability. Equations without BIA variables yielded r² almost as high as those with BIA variables. The recommended equation predicts percentage fat with a root mean square error = 3.2% fat and an adjusted r² = 0.840. CONCLUSION: The combination of anthropometry and BIA variables can be used to estimate total body fat in field studies of Native American children. The derived equation yields considerably higher percentage fat values than other skinfold equations in children.

PMID: 20694457;PMCID: PMC3152197;Abstract:

More efficacious physical activity (PA) prescriptions for optimal bone development are needed. This study showed that PA duration, frequency, and load were all independently associated with bone parameters in young girls. Increased PA duration, frequency, and load are all important osteogenic stimuli that should be incorporated into future PA interventions. Introduction: This study evaluated the associations of physical activity (PA) duration, frequency, load, and their interaction (total PA score=duration×frequency×load) with volumetric bone mineral density, geometry, and indices of bone strength in young girls. Methods: Four hundred sixty-five girls (aged 8-13 years) completed a past year physical activity questionnaire (PYPAQ) which inquires about the frequency (days per week) and duration (average minutes per session) of leisure-time PA and sports. Load (peak strain score) values were assigned to each activity based on ground reaction forces. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to assess bone parameters at metaphyseal and diaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia of the non-dominant leg. Results: Correlations across all skeletal sites between PA duration, frequency, load and periosteal circumference (PC), bone strength index (BSI), and strength-strain index (SSI) were significant (≤0.05), although low (0.10-0.17). A 2.7-3.7% greater PC across all skeletal sites was associated with a high compared to a low PYPAQ score. Also, a high PYPAQ score was associated with greater BSI (6.5-8.7%) at metaphyseal sites and SSI (7.5-8.1%) at diaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia. The effect of a low PYPAQ score on bone geometric parameters and strength was greater than a high PYPAQ score. Conclusions: PA duration, frequency, and load were all associated with bone geometry and strength, although their independent influences were modest and site specific. Low levels of PA may compromise bone development whereas high levels have only a small benefit over more average levels. © 2010 International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.