Going, S. B., Massey, B. H., Hoshizaki, T. B., & Lohman, T. G. (1987). Maximal voluntary static force production characteristics of skeletal muscle in children 8-11 years of age. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58(2), 115-123.
Abstract:
Maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction force-time curves for 32 normal, healthy children, age 8-11 years, 15 girls and 17 boys, performing three tasks representing separate muscle groups - finger flexors, forearm flexors, and forearm extensors - were recorded over trials and over days. Children's pattern of force production and degree of consistency over trials and days has not been reported in the literature. The primary objective was to identify curve components reproduced with sufficient consistency over trials and days to suggest possible value for providing new and unique information regarding muscle function. Each task was recorded three consecutive trials per day over two days separated by one week. Analog tracings of instantaneous and integrated force were obtained using a Daytronic Linear Voltage Transformer in series with a Brush Mark 280 recorder. Trial to trial and day to day consistency in force production by each muscle group represented by 14 curve variables was assessed using intraclass correlation based on a days x trials x subjects ANOVA for each variable. Force and maximal rate of force increase were quite reproducible; but time to selected force levels reflected considerable variation. The force variables - maximal force, force at which the curve plateaued, and force at the point of curve inflection - intercorrelated well, but correlated only moderately with maximum rate of force increase, and poorly with the time variables. Maximal rate of force increase gave the most promise of providing new information regarding muscle function in children.
Going, S. B. (2010). Physical activity measurements: lessons learned from the pathways study. Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP, 16(5).
High obesity rates in American Indian children led to Pathways, a randomized school- and community-based childhood prevention study. Seven tribes, 5 universities, the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and 4 elementary schools partnered in the study. Increasing physical activity (PA) was an important intervention target. The PA assessment was based on study objectives, feasibility, and tribal acceptance. A time-segmented analysis was also desired. Two methods, a new PA questionnaire and accelerometry, were developed during pilot testing. Together, the methods provided qualitative and quantitative information and showed that 3 of 4 sites were able to increase average daily PA, although overall the control versus intervention difference was not significant. The main limitation was inability to distinguish PA among individuals. Accelerometer size and some community concerns led to a protocol based on a single day of wearing time. Newer model triaxial accelerometers that are much smaller and allow sampling of multiple days of activity are recommended for future studies.
Going, S., Stewart, D., Harrell, J., Levin, S., Corbin, C., Sallis, J., Cornell, C., Hunsberger, S., & Lytle, L. (1996). Physical activity assessment in American Indian children in the pathways study. FASEB Journal, 10(3), A816.
Abstract:
Physical inactivity is a risk factor lor weight gain and obesity. Accordingly, increased activity is a focus of the Pathways intervention and an activity assessment plan was developed. Formative assessment showed two methods were feasible: physical activity recall questionnaire (PAO) and accelerometry (TriTrac-R3D motion sensor). Together, they describe activity frequency, type and amount. Moreover, minute-by minute TriTrac outputs allow analysis of activity for any segment of the day. The age-appropriate, culturally-relevant PAQ, developed by a panel of experts with American Indian (AI) input, was designed to assess 24 hr activity type and amount (none, a little, alot) during three segments of the day: before, during and after school. Pilot tests of 117 fourth grade Al children supported PAQ validity since children reported more activity during times of expected activity (before and after school) compared to times of expected inactivity (dining school). TriTrac estimates supported these results, and showed childrens activity levels were more alike within schools than between schools. Using pilot data, algorithms have been developed to speed processing of accelerometer data. Supported by NHLBI.
Hetherington-Rauth, M., Bea, J. W., Blew, R. M., Funk, J. L., Lee, V. R., & Going, S. B. (2017). Effect of cardiometabolic risk factors on the relationship between adiposity and bone measures in girls.. International Journal of Obesity.
Milliken, L. A., Going, S. B., Houtkooper, L. B., Flint-Wagner, H., Figueroa, A., Metcalfe, L. L., Blew, R. M., Sharp, S. C., & Lohman, T. G. (2003). Effects of exercise training on bone remodeling, insulin-like growth factors, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Calcified Tissue International, 72(4), 478-484.
PMID: 12574871;Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 months of weight bearing and resistance exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling (bone formation and bone resorption) in 2 groups of postmenopausal women either with or without hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Secondary aims were to characterize the changes in insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2 (IGF-1 and -2) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in response to exercise training. Women who were 3-10 years postmenopausal (aged 40-65 years) were included in the study. Women in the HRT and no HRT groups were randomized into the exercise intervention, resulting in four groups: (1) women not taking HRT, not exercising; (2) those taking HRT, not exercising; (3) those exercising, not taking HRT; and (4) women exercising, taking HRT. The number of subjects per group after 1 year was 27, 21, 25, and 17, respectively. HRT increased BMD at most sites whereas the combination of exercise and HRT produced increases in BMD greater than either treatment alone. Exercise training alone resulted in modest site-specific increases in BMD. Bone remodeling was suppressed in the groups taking HRT regardless of exercise status. The bone remodeling response to exercise training in women not taking HRT was not significantly different from those not exercising. However, the direction of change suggests an elevation in bone remodeling in response to exercise training, a phenomenon usually associated with bone loss. No training-induced differences in IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF-1:IGF-2 (IGF-1:IGF-2), and IGFBP3 were detected.
